A humble people free essay sample

Rundown the positive and the negative things Bingham says about the British. In the content are certain and negative things said about the British. Bingham is of the sentiment that the positive things about British are that they are Imaginative and unique, lenient and that they are in any event not French. In any case, he likewise accepts that there are numerous terrible things as well. Right off the bat, he makes reference to that there are issues in the public arena. Besides he says that there is a need instruction. Furthermore the chiefs and government officials join more regrettable qualities like covetous, clumsy and shabby. Lastly other terrible things about British is as indicated by Bingham that they loathe their climate, the open administrations incredibly awful, the house costs are exceptionally high, the streets Jammed, the football crew not very great and that they drink to a lot. b) How does the creator see multiculturalism in Britain today? Portray how, as per him, multiculturalism was diverse previously. We will compose a custom paper test on An unassuming people or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The creators see is that multiculturalism In Britain today causes less challenges than before. He makes reference to that a few people say that multiculturalism causes issues in view of racial and strict strains (1. 27-28) yet he is persuaded this wont be another test on the off chance that it exists. As indicated by him, multiculturalism in the past was constantly joined with awful habits like a blade in the midsection (1. 31) in the age of the Vikings or blazes, stakes and blasphemers (1. 32) in the sixteenth century. 2. Investigation Inspect the style of the content consider *tone and *irony. Depict the impact on the peruser. The creator utilizes formal language yet in addition joins everyday components. He is recognized by his persuasiveness. Joining a raised style with informal language gives a comic impact. The content fluctuates in the utilization of basic and complex sentence development. The content is written in an amusing style and contains numerous fancy appellations. The content contains numerous comic components. The tone of the content Is amusing. The jargon Is broad. Exposition about An unassuming people By Pantapon 1 . Understanding sentiment that the positive things about British are that they are inventive and stuck, the football crew not all that great and that they drink to a lot. The creators see is that multiculturalism in Britain today causes less challenges than as a result of racial and strict strains (1. 27-28) however he is persuaded this wont elaborate appellations. The content contains numerous comic components. The tone of the content is clever. The jargon is broad.

Tips for Applying to Clinical Psychology PhD Programs

Tips for Applying to Clinical Psychology PhD Programs Clinical brain science is the most mainstream and serious region of study in brain science, and ostensibly the most serious of graduate projects in all social and hard sciences. Guiding brain research is a nearby second. On the off chance that you plan to concentrate both of these fields you should be on your game. Indeed, even the best candidates dont get into the entirety of their top decisions and some dont get into any. How would you improve your chances of picking up admission to an alumni program in clinical or directing brain research? Acquire Excellent GRE Scores This one is an easy decision. Your scores on the Graduate Record Exam will represent the moment of truth your doctoral application in serious fields like clinical and guiding brain science. High GRE scores are significant on the grounds that numerous clinical and advising doctoral projects get many applications. At the point when an alumni program gets in excess of 500 applications, the entrance advisory board searches for approaches to get rid of candidates. GRE scores are a typical method of narrowing the candidate pool. Brilliant GRE scores gain you induction to graduate school, yet they may likewise make you subsidize. For instance, candidates with high GRE quantitative scores may be offered showing assistantships in insights or an exploration assistantship with an employee. Get Research Experience Candidates to graduate school in clinical and directing brain science need explore understanding. Numerous understudies accept that applied experience working with individuals will support their application. They search for temporary positions, practica, and volunteer encounters. Sadly applied experience is valuable just in little dosages. Rather doctoral projects, explicitly Ph.D. programs, search for investigate understanding and research experience bests all other extracurricular exercises. Research experience is out of class experience directing examination under the management of an employee. It normally starts with chipping away at an educators investigate. Volunteer to help in any capacity required. This may incorporate directing overviews, entering information, and looking into examine articles. It regularly additionally incorporates errands like duplicating and gathering papers. Serious candidates structure and complete free examinations under the management of an employee. In a perfect world, a portion of your exploration will be introduced at undergrad and local gatherings, and maybe even distributed in an undergrad diary. Comprehend the Value of Research Experience Research experience shows that you can take on a similar mindset as a researcher, issue fathom, and see how to ask and answer logical inquiries. Personnel search for understudies who demonstrate a solid match to their exploration advantages, can add to their lab, and is able. Research experience recommends a pattern aptitude level and is a pointer of your capacity to prevail in the program and complete a paper. A few candidates gain inquire about understanding by winning a bosses degree in an examination situated field, for example, exploratory brain science. This alternative regularly advances to understudies with little planning or poor quality point midpoints as regulated involvement in an employee features your capability to turn into an analyst. Know the Field Not all clinical and guiding doctoral projects are the equivalent. There are three classes of clinical and directing doctoral projects: ScientistScientist-practitionerPractitioner-researcher They contrast in the relative weight given to preparing in research and practice. Understudies in researcher programs win PhDs and are prepared solely as researchers; no preparation is offered practically speaking. Researcher specialist programs train understudies in both science and practice. Most understudies gain PhDs and are prepared as researchers just as experts and figure out how to apply logical methodologies and strategies to rehearse. Expert researcher programs train understudies to be professionals instead of analysts. Understudies procure a PsyD and get broad preparing in restorative procedures. Match the Program Know the contrast between a Ph.D. furthermore, PsyD. Pick the kind of program that youd like to join in, regardless of whether it stresses research, practice, or both. Get your work done. Realize each graduate projects preparing accentuations. Entrance advisory boards search for candidates whose interests coordinate their preparation accentuations. Apply to a researcher program and clarify that your expert objectives lie in private practice and youll get a dismissal letter right away. Eventually you can't control the entrance advisory boards choice, yet you can pick a program that fits you well, and you present yourself in the most ideal light.

Audio Strategy Free Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Has the sound technique been characterized, and is it adjusted to the key message of the film? 2.Has the understudy showed inside the sound segment of the execution plan how they mean to achieve the sound procedure, in an inventive and useful way? 3.Is the sound methodology in accordance with the other component of the implantation plan? Answers: 1. As a sound designer in the film, I have to ensure that appropriate audio cues are given all through the film to draw in the crowds and even advance the vital purpose appropriately. The significant message that will be conveyed to the crowds is to receive or think about their own imperfections and conquer their confidence issues. A sound technique is required to expand the preferring for new audio effects and interface with more individuals through an appropriate substance comprising of a story. For this film, the media organization and its producers have attempted exploratory sound substance to make and offer the messages and data with respect to the film to the crowds and impact them to watch the film. The sound methodology has permitted to defeat the sound fill holes and enhanced other media to convey the best substance that are introduced through sound impacts showing the significance of beating confidence issues and grasp their imperfections (Ye et al. 2012). The sound procedu re is sufficiently compelling to pull in mass crowd and even draw in the publicists and advertisers to cause the film effective just as make individuals to find out about grasping their defects, not make confidence issues come in front and spotlight on the flawlessness. Accordingly, the sound systems have been obviously characterized and lined up with the key substance of the film that has been conveyed through messages (Kaliakatsos-Papakostas, Floros and Vrahatis et al. 2013). 2. To achieve the sound techniques, it is imperative to assess the sound area of the execution plan, moreover ensure that the audio cues are lined up with the key substance and messages conveyed through the movies discharge. To achieve the sound procedure, it is essential to advance the brand of the film creation organization and increment mindfulness among the crowds. This would be conceivable by making better exposure and creating network to connect more possibilities who could advance the film and go about as significant business partners. The dates ought to be doled out for the achievement of sound procedures and guarantee that appropriate audio effects were given to the film. Making rundown of assets like varying media types of gear is significant and must be guaranteed that the sound prerequisites needing additional help would act as per the Equality Act and different enactments, laws and rules (Xie and Guan 2013). After all the fundamental types of gear are accessible, the sound toolsets including the Audio Middleware, Audio Graphical Editor, EAX2, Microsoft XACT and XAudio2 will be utilized. Every one of these instruments could make accommodation in achieving the sound procedure just as include or evacuate extra functionalities with the propelled highlights of low-level sound libraries. An appropriate IT designer should deal with every one of these devices with help by me to try out ecological Reverb parameters and empower programming and middleware answers for monitor the sound frequencies and give the best solid as well (Luo, Yang and Huang 2014). 3. The sound methodologies are in accordance with the different components of the usage plan, for example, the utilization of sound toolboxs have assisted with keeping up appropriate sound recurrence and ensured that the scenes all through the film are given the correct quality sounds with no commotion. The sound technique was lined up with the segments, as a result of which, the sound engendering bends were controlled appropriately and the worldwide factors had been overseen appropriately too including the Doppler and speed of sound. This gave instatement of the sound parameters, besides made wonderful audio cues that could coordinate with the scenes present in the film (Ye et al. 2012). Therefore, it is obvious that the sound technique is in accordance with the different components of the usage plan and will be gainful for causing crowds to comprehend the vital substance of the film as well. References Kaliakatsos-Papakostas, M.A., Floros, A. what's more, Vrahatis, M.N., 2013. A grouping technique for the key division of melodic audio.Computer Music Journal,37(1), pp.52-69. Luo, D., Yang, R. what's more, Huang, J., 2014, May. Distinguishing twofold compacted AMR sound utilizing profound learning. InAcoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2014 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 2669-2673). IEEE. Xie, Z. what's more, Guan, L., 2013. Multimodal data combination of sound feeling acknowledgment dependent on piece entropy part analysis.International Journal of Semantic Computing,7(01), pp.25-42. Ye, G., Jhuo, I.H., Liu, D., Jiang, Y.G., Lee, D.T. what's more, Chang, S.F., 2012, June. Joint various media bi-modular codewords for video occasion recognition. InProceedings of the second ACM International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval(p. 39). ACM.

After you have visited all the colleges and universities that offer fashion design courses, check out the government web sites, which will give you more information. You will get some of the basic information that you need to know, such as the admission

After you have visited all the colleges and universities that offer fashion design courses, check out the government web sites, which will give you more information. You will get some of the basic information that you need to know, such as the admissionThe controversy of political correctness has gone too far, that some controversial issue essay topics have been banned. In recent times, topics such as black slaves, transgenders, the flag, and 'pro-lifers' have been banned.These topics are all controversial issues that have been allowed by our government. It seems that in this time of intense political correctness, even topics that have nothing to do with the political correctness of the time will be banned.What makes it so difficult to allow academic freedom? It seems that there is so much emphasis on political correctness that a lot of universities now view students as slaves. Students no longer have the right to freedom of speech when these topics are brought up in school.The most recent example of this controversy is the events of the past two weeks. There was a university professor at UC Berkeley who gave an extremely controversial topic to her students. She gave a class on rape and discussed aspects of the rape culture in our society.Then she stated that the American people were 'worthless' and she advocated the death penalty for some of them. Apparently, a few students were not too happy about the topic and rioted at the UC Berkeley campus. They burned some cars and looted the campus.Other conservative students who were taking the course also wanted her class taken off the school schedule so that they could not attend. This caused her to eventually resign from her position at the university.I am afraid that if more of these topics are given to students, that there may be potential future incidents of riots at our universities. Please consider all this in 2020.Controversial Issue Essay Topics For Summer 2020<|startoftext|> PARACOUNT 5 SENTCOUNT fash ion design schools ENDPARAMDo you know there are hundreds of fashion design schools around the world? It does not matter if you are in the UK or US, you can find one near you if you look hard enough. You can check out the colleges and universities online, where you can access the financial aid for their tuition and other facilities as well.You need to choose the right school if you want to pursue a career in fashion design. Some of the best schools have their own websites to give you more information about them. These include Charles Garwood, The Art Institute of Chicago, The J. Paul Getty Museum, The Fashion Institute of Technology, Fashion Design College, Prada, Juicy Couture, HBCU Clothing, and The Parsons School of Design. If you are seriously considering enrolling at one of these institutions, here are some important things you need to look for.Read the reputation of the college: One of the things you must look out for when you apply to a college is whether or not it has a good reputation. Some of the best colleges have their own web sites where you can check out their reputation and the results they have got from their graduates. This is also true of the universities.Check their applications fee: A college does not matter if you have a good reputation, but if you do not pay the application fee, you will not be able to attend classes. So if you have an opportunity to study at a renowned school, you should always pay the tuition fee. Check if the college offers accommodation while you are attending classes.

Essay on Role of Federal Rate in Economics - 992 Words

The Federal Funds Rate is the interest rate that Federal Reserve uses to trade funds with banks. Changes in this rate can trigger a chain of events that can be beneficial or devastating to the economy. If a bank is charged a higher interest rate to trade money or take out a loan, then the increase will be passed on to their customers, causing them to pay higher transaction fees or more interest. Each month, the Federal Open Market Committee meets to determine the federal funds rate. This in turn affects other short term interest rates. The determining rate immediately impacts the rates at which banks borrow money and the interest rates the banks use to charge their customers on loans. If the rate raise is too high, then money flow drops†¦show more content†¦Cut backs could be that employees take pay cuts, resulting in even less money available for spending. Cut backs can also be that the number of employees is reduced, causing the remaining workers take on more of a work loa d. The employees laid off will increase the number of people drawing unemployment, and increase the number of job seekers trying to get a reduced number of jobs. Obviously all of these factors can have some kind of effect on the economy. With cut backs comes a slowdown in output and production from businesses and can cause inflation to occur where people make the same or less amount of money but the price of goods goes up. Essentially, interest rates control the whole economy: if interest rates go up then the economy slows down and vice versa. However if interest rates go too low or stay low for a long period of time it can lead to inflation which also hurts the economy. In essence, higher interest rates are not necessarily a bad thing. Higher interest rates can curb inflation, meaning your pay will go further. A good example of this is the price of gasoline. When the price of gas goes up people drive less and spend less because more and more of their income goes toward fuel. When the price of gas goes down people have more money to spend. The increase in spending will be seen somewhere in the economy whether it is at the grocery store or onl ine internet sales. Short term investments areShow MoreRelatedThe Tour Of Federal Reserve Houston Branch1510 Words   |  7 PagesThe fed tour The tour of Federal Reserve Houston branch was so interesting. After that tour, I was impressive by the Fed’s function. As the textbook mentioned, The Federal Reserve System is the central bank of the United States and is responsible for setting monetary policy and regulating the banking system. [1] So the Fed has play extremely important role in the national economic. 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Additionally, the research was used to understand the past in order to better understand in the present what policies work and what will cause harm to the economy. Ultimately, the major question of this project is: What has caused booms and busts in the past and can we prevent them, and if so how? Problem Statement Major question: What has caused economic booms and busts in the past and can we prevent themRead MoreConcept Of Circular Flow And The National Economy1516 Words   |  7 Pagesincome by selling productive resources. They receive the difference between the monetary value at which it is sold and the cost they had to pay to make it. 2.1.2 Circular Flow and the National Economy – Using the concept of circular flow, analyze the roles of and the relationships between households, business firms, financial institutions, and government and nongovernment agencies in the economy of the United States. Businesses → Buy resources, sell products Product market → Business sell to, householdsRead MoreThe Current State of the United States Economy Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pagescontinue to support their families. The cost of purchasing a home is going up in many areas across the country, which is good for the market, but can be bad for the first time homebuyer. Unemployment, expectations, consumer income, interest rates are economic factors that influence individuals behavior and the United States fiscal policy. The following gives examples of the aforementioned factors current climates. In addition, the summary attempts to identify and evaluate the United States current

Love vs. Lust in Andrew Marvells Poem, To His Coy...

I know that there is a unique difference between love and lust. In the Andrew Marvell poem â€Å"To His Coy Mistress,† I would argue over the issue of love versus lust. In this poem, we are introduced to a man who is infatuated with a young woman and wants to become intimate with her. He tries to pursue this young woman, but the woman is playfully hesitant. The man is trying to explain to the young woman if she keeps being resistant to him, they would never get a chance become intimate. Could it be that the man really does have true love for the young woman? Or is that he is just lusting for her gentle touch? In the first stanza of this poem, the man begins by expressing his feelings for the young woman. He starts off by trying to flatter†¦show more content†¦As we start the second part of the poem, the man begins to discuss the amount of time the woman and he both have left on this earth. The man states in first couple of lines, â€Å"But at my back I always hear time’s winged chariot hurrying near.† The man is trying to tell the woman that they should not wait to embrace each other physically because no one is here on this earth forever. The man describes to the woman that all they will have left in the end is the grave. In the final part of the stanza, the man says â€Å"The grave’s a fine and private place, but none I think do there embrace.† The man is trying to explain to the young woman that though the grave is a fairly private place, they will not be able to make love because they are no longer here on this earth. He also states that in the end he will no longer have the feelings he has for her now because his time here on earth will be done for. At this particular part of the poem, I would say that the man is using anything in his power to convince the young woman to sleep with him. The man seems very lustful at this point, so the love that the man somewhat conveyed for the young woman at the beginning of the poem has slowly drifted away. In the final section of the poem, the man goes from loving the woman forever, to saying that there is no time left here on this earth and that they should make love as soon

Currency analysis of US dollar and RMB free essay sample

Period to 1994: Prior to 1994, China maintained a dual exchange rate system. This consisted of an official fixed exchange rate system, which was used by the government, and a relatively market-based exchange rate system that was used by importers and exporters in â€Å"swap markets†. The two exchange rates differed significantly. For example, the official exchange rate with the dollar in 1993 was 5. 77 Yuan versus 8. 70 Yuan in the swap markets. The foreign exchange was highly restricted in order to limit imports, resulting in a large black market for foreign exchange. From 1994 to 2005: In 1994, the Chinese government unified the two exchange rate systems at an initial rate of 8. 70 Yuan to the dollar, which eventually was allowed to rise to 8. 28 by 1997 and was then kept relatively constant until July 2005. From 1994 until July 2005, China maintained a policy of pegging the RMB to the U. S. dollar at an exchange rate of roughly 8. 28 Yuan to the dollar and Chinese central bank maintained this peg by buying (or selling) as many dollar-denominated assets in exchange for newly printed Yuan as needed to eliminate excess demand (supply) for the Yuan. The peg appears to have been largely intended to promote a relatively stable environment for foreign trade and investment in China. From 2005 to 2008: From 2005, Chinese government started to reform the peg. The Chinese government modified its currency policy on July 21, 2005 and the exchange rate of the U. S. dollar against the RMB would be adjusted from 8. 28 Yuan to 8. 11, an appreciation of 2. 1%. The government announced that the RMB’s exchange rate would become â€Å"adjustable, based on market supply and demand with reference to exchange rate movements of currencies in a basket†. The situation in the next three years would be described into â€Å" management float† which is the market forces determined the general 1 1 direction of the RMB’s movement. As we know that from July 21, 2005 to July 21, 2008 the dollar-RMB exchange rate went from 8. 11 to 6. 83, an appreciation of 18. 7%. From 2008 to 2010: China halted its currency appreciation policy around mid-July 2008, mainly because of declining global demand for Chinese products that resulted from the effects of the global financial crisis. The global financial crisis from 2008 to 2009 will be discussed later in the report. The Chinese government intervened to prevent any further appreciation of the RMB to the dollar because of the declining exports and the huge unemployment rate in 2009. The RMB/dollar exchange rate was held relatively constant at 6. 83 through around mid-June 2010. From 2010 to now: On June 19, 2010, the People’s Bank of China (PBC), stated that, it had decided to â€Å"proceed further with reform of the RMB exchange rate regime and to enhance the RMB exchange rate flexibility â€Å"and â€Å"it is important to avoid any sharp and massive fluctuations of the RMB exchange rate†. After that, the RMB’s exchange rate with the dollar has gone up and down since RMB appreciation was resumed, but overall, it has appreciated. From June 19, 2010, to July 10, 2013, the Yuan/dollar exchange rate went from 6. 83 to 6. 17, an appreciation of 10. 7%. Most of the appreciation occurred in 2010 and 2011. From January 1, 2012, to July 10, 2013, the RMB appreciated by only 2. 1% against the dollar. Analysis Factors that affect currency Aside from factors such as interest rate and inflation, the exchange rate is one of the most important determinants of a countrys relative level of economic health. Exchange rates play a vital role in a countrys level of trade, which is critical to most every free market economy in the world. For this reason, exchange rates are among the most watched analyzed and governmentally manipulated economic measures. How exchange rate 2 2 movements affect a nations trading relationships with other nations. A higher currency makes a countrys exports more expensive and imports cheaper in foreign markets; a lower currency makes a countrys exports cheaper and its imports more expensive in foreign markets. A higher exchange rate can be expected to lower the countrys balance of trade, while a lower exchange rate would increase it. The exchange rate between the U. S. dollar and the Chinese Yuan has been a matter of contention between the two governments for quite some time. Put simply, the U. S. accuses China of manipulating the currency exchange rate. Strictly speaking, that is exactly right, as it must be for unilaterally fixed exchange rates. In practice, the USD/CNY currency rate trades at a rate higher where it would be in a free-floating market, making Chinas exports cheaper than they would otherwise be and making imports into China correspondingly more expensive. The U. S. has tried many different ways to get China to adjust its position on the currency issue such as negotiations, threats and trying to line up allies in the fight. Most recently, the Senate passed a bill aimed squarely at the Chinese though officially targeting any country with a fundamentally misaligned currency that would empower the government to impose import tariffs on Chinese goods if the exchange rate is not changed. Although the bill does not seem likely to get through the House or signed into law, the Chinese have not surprisingly responded with a fair bit of anger. Included in this has been the requisite warning that such a move violates World Trade Organization rules and could prompt retaliation and ultimately a trade war. Thats not all. China added a bit of heft to its words this time. After the bill passed, the Chinese reset the exchange rate to the USD to 6. 3598, an increase of 116 pips. A 0. 116% move is not exactly a world-changer, but it does reverse the trend in the exchange rate. The meaning of the move is lost on no one. This is not a large move, and it is not going to dramatically alter any trade flows or business. Moreover, the impact of this move is likely 3 3 being magnified by the fact that the currency markets are nervous, risk-averse and news-starved right now. In such a market, any turbulence can get blown out of proportion quite quickly. There is another meaning, though, and its more significant. This moves reemphasizes that China will not be jawboned or pushed around by the U. S. when it comes to matters of economic policy. Perhaps more so than any other major economic power today, China is hypersensitive to any perceived slight or infringement on its national sovereignty. This is a byproduct of being pushed around by Western powers not all that long ago. While Japan tolerated the railings of U. S. politicians against its unfair trade practices with little public reaction, Chinas fuse is cut much shorter. Along those lines, this currency move reminds investors that China can be a major destabilizing force in the global economy if and when it wants to do so. While U. S. and European political and financial heads try to triage the Greece situation, China stands by with the ammunition to cause yet another global credit crisis if it so chooses to do so (leaving aside that China has much to lose from it as well). How It Will Impact U. S. Businesses and Investors: Assuming that China is simply making a political point and does not intend to force a new trend of Yuan depreciation, the impact of this particular move will be minimal. Its a tiny change to almost anyone who isnt a highly levered currency trader. With the G20 summit coming on in early November, it is likely that China will want to be seen as powerful but sensible. Thus far, the G20 has been reluctant to support the U. S. position on Chinas currency exchange rate, and China needs that to continue. Longer term, there are certainly ramifications from this currency policy and a potential trade war. Those politicians advocating a new tariff on Chinese imports might want to look up Smoot Hawley and see how well that all worked out. Sparking a new recession 4 4 just to win a few political points is not an economically sound strategy. At the same time, it is worth remembering that China is not the sole source of the U. S. s economic problems. China did not force U. S. banks to loan money to less credit worthy borrowers, it did not allow Medicare and Medicaid to become hydra-like monsters, and it did not force the U. S. to rack up huge debts and deficits to simultaneously fund wars and tax cuts. Consumers and investors also need to realize that a compliant China has costs as well. A stronger Chinese currency will mean that Chinese imports are more expensive. That means more pain at the store. In theory, some of the manufacturing that was off shored to China will come back, but in practice it is more likely that it would just be moved on to a cheaper country like Vietnam with no net improvement in U. S. jobs. This would also result in more expensive goods for U. S. shoppers. At the same time, this policy costs China as well. China has an inflation problem that is exacerbated by its artificial currency exchange rate. The exchange rate, and the position of the U. S. dollar as a global reserve currency, allows us to effectively export inflation. Likewise, Chinas currency policy is essentially a subsidy to its manufacturing sector and subsidies tend to have familiar consequences. The protected industries get fat, soft, and lazy and cannot compete once the subsidy becomes economically nonviable. The Effects of Financial Crisis from 2008 to 2009 As the U. S. subprime mortgage crisis evolved into a global financial crisis, there was a significant slowdown in the appreciation of the RMB exchange rate. Obviously, the financial crisis impact on the exchange rate is unprecedented in breadth and depth. In the previous period, the central bank of China allowed the RMB to appreciate against the dollar by about 21%. However, once the effects of the global economic crisis began to become apparent, the U. S. dollar, a safe haven currency, was no longer safe, and investors 5 5 exchanged their U. S. dollar for British pounds and Euros. As a result, the U. S. dollar plunged relative to those currencies. China halted appreciation of the RMB in an effort to limit job losses in industries dependent on trade. There are several main factors influenced the exchange rate, include China’s economic growth conditions, foreign exchange reserves position, the existing price level and inflation, moreover, outside of China, the United States exerted pressure on RMB appreciation and the appreciation of non-dollar currency trade pressure on China. During the financial crisis, the United States, the euro area and Japan, the three major economies, their own economic recession, resulting in shrinking external demand to China, in November 2008 the highest negative growth rate hit a decade -9%. The GDP measured in RMB, one third from exports, so the reduction in exports makes the whole year GDP growth dropped to 9%. If the sharp appreciation of the Yuan continues, it would bring negative impacts to exports ; so in this stage of the financial crisis, RMB necessary to maintain a relatively stable. In addition, the U. S response to the 2008-2009 credit crisis by taking some measures, such as write-offs by holders of bad debt, government purchase of debt securities, and government capital injections to support liquidity. From the second half of 2009, there was a significant recovery in the global economy. As a result of improved external demand, Chinas export growth rate from December 2009 onwards from negative to positive, and in the first half of 2010, the average monthly growth rate reached 36%. In June 2010 the exchange rate reform is restarted. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) In China a Big Mac costs Yuan 16 (local currency), while in the United States the same Big Mac costs $4. 56. The actual spot exchange rate was Yuan 6. 13/$ at this time. The price of a Big Mac in China in U. S. dollar terms was therefore Price of Big Mac in China In Yuan = Yuan 16 Yuan/$ spot rate Yuan 6. 13/$ 6 = $2. 61 6 Then calculate the implied purchasing power parity rate of exchange using the actual price the Big Mac in China over the price of the Big Mac in the United States in U. S. dollars Price of Big Mac in China in Yuan = Yuan 16 = Yuan 3. 51/$ Price of Big Mac in the U. S. in $ $4. 56 Now comparing this implied PPP rate of exchange, Yuan 3. 51/$, with the actual market rate of exchange at that time. Yuan 6. 13/$, the degree to which the Yuan is wither undervalued or overvalued versus the dollar Implied Rate – Actual Rate = Yuan3. 51/$ Yuan 6. 13/$ = -42. 8% Actual Rate Yuan 6. 13/$ There is a chart that is a history of Big Mac Index between US and China. (See Exhibits 1. ) A forward rate is an exchange rate quoted today for settlement data some future date. F(Yuan/$ 90) = S(Yuan/$)* [1+(i(yuan)*90/360)] [1+(i$*90/360)] =6. 13* [1+(0. 06*1/4)] [1+(0. 0025*1/4)] =6. 13* 1. 015 1. 000625 =6. 13*1. 0144 =Yuan 6. 22/$ Example of CIA. (See exhibit 2). Forecast Fundamental Analysis: ? Economic Growth. (See exhibit 3) ? Financial markets. (See exhibit 3) Current spot rate: S;=; 6. 13/$ 7 7 ? Purchasing Power Parity Forecast: Yuan/U. S. dollar in one year S1= ;6. 13/$ * [1+(2. 83%)] = ;6. 1648/$ [1+(2. 25%)] ? International Fischer Forecasts: forecast the following future spot exchange rates using the government bonds rates for respective country currencies. S1= ;6. 13/$ * [1+(6%)] = ;6. 4816/$ [1+(0. 25%)] ? Political and social infrastructure: 1. The U. S. government was shut down on Oct. 1, 2013. After 11 business days, the U. S. Federal reopened on Oct. 16. The CNY/USD rate decreased rapidly from ;6. 122/$ to ;6. 0813/$ on Oct. 23. It leads to appreciate CNY. Since the U. S. government was shutdown, the CPI sample of October will be incomplete, this affects the veracity; it will appear deviation, and it will affect the next seven months CPI. 2. The CNY will be interfered by the market. In other words, the CNY/USD rate will be appreciated. Facing financial crisis, U. S. government will issue much more government bonds to raise the money. However, U. S. government will decrease the liability though appreciating other currency. In this case, the CNY/USD will appreciate. Chinese government will control the exchange rate in order to maintain the balance of export. Technical Analysis: Historical Exchange Rate Summary: CNY/USD (see exhibit 4) â€Å" The Chinese Yuan exchange rate for August 2013 averaged 6. 121 CNY to USD. Thats 0. 014 points lower than the July, 2013 rate of 6. 135, and 23. 8 basis points lower than the August, 2012 rate of 6. 359. The minor movement in the CNY/USD exchange rate from July to August provides evidence that the short-term trend in CNY/USD is relatively flat. 8 8 † If that trend continues in the currency market, we should see an average daily rate in December 2013 that is close to 6. 20. The average CNY/USD rate over the last 12 months was 6. 20. The average rate over the last 10 years was 7. 22. A lower Chinese Yuan to US Dollars exchange rate over the last 12 months compared to the average currency rates over the last 10 years serve as an indicator that the long-term rate trend in CNY/USD is down (weakening US Dollar against the Chinese Yuan). The highest currency rate for CNY/USD over the last 12 months was 6. 32. The lowest was 6. 12. The market high was attained in September 2012. The market low was achieved in August 2013. Conclusion Trade wars are not nearly so bad as shooting wars, but they are serious nonetheless. Ultimately, the U. S. and China have to learn how to play together in the same sandbox. In the meantime, China is doing what every other country does – playing its strongest card. After all, the U. S. prints money to advance its politico-economic needs, the Japanese keep their interest rates incredibly low and the Russians periodically shut off the gas lines to Europe. Ultimately, China will find that the cost of an artificial exchange rate is too much to bear. In the meantime, U. S. investors should realize that apart from adding a little jolt to an already-shaky market, the real consequences are likely to be less than feared. A consumer price index (CPI) measures in the price level of a market basket of consumer goods and prices purchased by households. CPI shows the change of the inflation rate. So the forecast of the currency will be influenced. Additionally, based on fundamental analysis and technical analysis, the CNY/USD rate will appreciate in the short-term. Then, CNY will depreciate; the exchange rate will get new balance around the ;6. 20/$. 9 9 Exhibit 1 10 10 Exhibit 2 Example of CIA Assume that an investor has $1,000,000 and several alternative but comparable CNY monetary investments. If the investor chooses to invest in a dollar money market instrument, the investor would earn the dollar rate of interest. Start $1,000,000 S=Yuan6. 13/$ 11 i=. 25% per annual End *1. 000625% $1,000,625 $1,000,313. 5 90 Days F90=Yuan6. 22/$ 11 i=6% per annual Yuan6, 130,000 *1. 015% Yuan6,221,950 This exhibit shows investor may, however, choose to invest in a US money market instrument of identical risk and maturity for the same period. This action would require the investor invest the US dollar in a money market instrument. Exhibit 3 ? Economic Growth: ? Financial markets: 12 12 Country China United Stated Country China United Stated Exports 185644. 00 189221. 00 Current Units;per Inflation rate US$; Oct Year ago Latest Forecas 25th t 2013e 6. 13 6. 31 2. 6% 2. 83% 1. 00 1. 00 1. 5% 2. 25% Foreign direct investment 886. 00 37869. 00 Interest rate GDP 1-Yr Govt Latest 6. 0% 0. 25% Annual Growth rate 2. 2% 1. 6% Exhibit 4 Historical Exchange Rate Summary: CNY/USD Average (Last 12 Months) 6. 20 Average (Last 10 Years) 7. 22 High (Last 12 Months) 6. 32 (September, 2012) Low (Last 12 Months) 6. 12 (August, 2013) High (Since January, 1981) 8. 73 (April, 1994) Low (Since January, 1981) 1. 55 (January, 1981)

Music Lyrics Being Non-Violent Essays - African-American Culture

Music Lyrics Being Non-Violent Music Lyrics being NON-VIOLENT Rap music can be considered a style of art, and a way for the artists to express feelings through their words on paper. However, there are quite a few rap artists that get criticized for their lyrics. In my essay, I want to discuss why rappers use certain lyrics in their music and why people shouldn't believe that it causes violence among the younger generations. People shouldn't censor the music just because of violent, vulgar and abusive messages it promotes to the world. I believe in my own mind, that there is a reason for these types of lyrics that rap artists use and I will simply explain those reasons in this essay. Rap has been called one of the most important music forces to emerge in two decades. It's pounding beats and staccato rhymes exploded on the streets of the urban America in the early 1980s and since have become the theme music and lyrical heart of the vibrant youth culture called hip-hop ( SIRS 1993). There are many different types of rap artist. There are some that talk about money, some talk about righteousness, and the list goes on and on. Every rap artist had their own way of expressing themselves. There are those that talk about sex, drugs, and violence who receive the negative attention( SIRS 1993). People, think this so- called gangster rap is a bad influence on children in the world and that it promotes violence and that it also is abusive to women. Delores Tucker, head of national congress of black women has been among those pressuring different record companies to stop distributing gangster rap music. There were other significant names that participated in this action. Names like Senate Majority leader Bob dole, and former education Secretary William J. Bennett(Surveys, pg. 1). There are some rap artists that have been openly criticized for their lyrics. Rappers like Lil Kim, Too Short, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and a member from ?Too Live Crew,? named Luke Skywalker. These rap artists in the past have been appointed for the things they say in their music. Lil Kim talks about sex in her music, Too Short talks about drugs, sex, and how much of a pimp he is, and Luke Skywalker talks about girls and sex. The lyrics that these rap artist use in their music might not be suitable for everybody to listen to but I don't think their music should be banned or criticized because you don't have to listen to it if you don't choose to. Rap music, how much influence does it really have on it's youthful listeners? Many, from record company executives to high school students agree that it plays a critical role in the lives of many tans, affecting the way they dance, dress and speak(SIRS 1993). Personally, I feel that rap music is a form of art. I think it takes a great deal of talent to write lyrics that rap artists write, because you have to use metaphors and similes, and at the same time get your point across so the listeners can understand. I give rappers a great deal of credit because I know it took them a long time to get where their at today, and I know it takes a tremendous amount of time to write a song. It's also true and I strongly agree with that rap artists use lyrics that reflect on their childhood and the way they grew up. That could be the reason why gangster rappers and rappers talk about sex, drugs, and violence in their music because that was what they were exposed to through out their life. Rap artists generally write about what they know because it is easier to write about things and situations that you know, and if sex, drugs and violence is what you know about, then you are going to write about situations that involve those subjects. Not just write about them in hopes to cause more violence in our world. Young rap fans caution it is wrong and simplistic to believe music can dictate their actions. Upbringing and circumstance steer a child's behavior, they say, not a record on a turntable or a performer posturing on stage(Newsweek, 1998). There are other reasons why gangster rappers should not be criticized for their lyrics. One reason is that I would rather hear gangster rappers talk about violence on the streets than them actually going out on the streets and participate in the violence. Another reason why rappers

Impacts Of Tourism In Port Antonio Tourism Essays

Impacts Of Tourism In Port Antonio Tourism Essays Impacts Of Tourism In Port Antonio Tourism Essay Impacts Of Tourism In Port Antonio Tourism Essay This paper seeks to place and discourse the development of the touristry industry in Port Antonio, Jamaica. Information was gathered utilizing assorted beginnings. A visit was made to Port Antonio in order to better understand how touristry was practiced in this resort country, both occupants and visitants were interviewed to acquire a feel of what was traveling on in that country and cyberspace beginnings were besides used. Tourism is the travel for recreational, leisure or concern intents. ( answers.com ) , it is the operation of holidaies and visits to topographic points of involvement. The touristry industry consists of concern facets such as adjustments, transit and installations for dining, shopping and amusement to provide to a travelers experience. ( Pileus Project ) History of Tourism in Port Antonio In 1723, Portland was officially known and recognized as parish which was named after a former Governor of Jamaica. The bing port was to be called Port Antonio and was slated to go a naval fastness. In 1729, the British built Fort George on a peninsula disjoining the twin West and east seaports known as the Ticthfield headland. The garrison was developed intended to protect in Landers from onslaughts from the Spaniards and the Maroons. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) The Maroons signed a peace pact with the British in 1739 which led to a new epoch in the development of Portland. The parish so became populated with colonists therefore the cultivation of sugar begun. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) With the development of the banana industry, Portland s lucks improved in the late nineteenth century. The type of dirt provided in Portland and add-on to its heavy rainfall suited the cultivation of banana that provided any societal category husbandman to do of net income of this industry. Banana is a type or harvest that grows quickly and can be reaped in one twelvemonth clip. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) Lorenzo Dow Baker is the adult male who was single-handedly responsible for the exportation of banana in the 1870s. During this period Jamaica s production of sugar was diminishing and in the wink of an oculus, their protected market was finished. Therefore a new harvest for export was needed and that was where Baker came in to play. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) In 1688, a well-known phytologist by the name of Sir Hans Sloane, laminitis of the British Museum jotted the being of bananas in Jamaica. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) Baker inspired Jamaicans to cultivate banana with the challenge, the first adult male who has ten acre of bananas will be rich! His bananas were so sold for about US $ 3 each in Boston. In 1879 Lorenzo Baker became the advocator for a new transportation company that allowed him to increase his transit of bananas. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) Lorenzo Baker began utilizing his steam engines to transport tourers and bananas which was the lone mean of going to and from Jamaica to other states in those times. As visits to Jamaica increased, in the 1900s Mr. Baker created the amazing Titchfield Hotel located on Titchfield Hill that rapidly became popularized with tourer therefore doing Portland to go the topographic point where Tourism foremost started in Jamaica. The hotel became recognized for its afternoon tea on the plaza and cleaning in bath houses. The hotel was one time claimed to be owned by Errol Flynn, a celebrated daredevil. Errol had died before farther developing the attractive force. The hotel was destroyed by a fire in the sixtiess so presently, merely the remains of this historic landmark still stands. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) In 1903, Portland experienced a black hurricane that demolished Fieldss of banana.In 1929, Farmers of Banana assembled and formed the Jamaica Banana Producers Association. Members of this association operated as one to procure their independency, place and controk in the Trade from other immense rivals. With aid from the authorities, few old ages along, the Jamaica Producers Association was managing an abundant part of the trade and by runing their ain transportation company. In 1936 the Association became a privatized but is still operated by banana husbandmans. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) The banana industry drastically increased with three hundred and 55 1000 metric tons of export in 1936 but few old ages down the line it died. Currently, the Jamaica Producers Group of Companies with the aid of All Island Banana Growers Association continues to provide to the involvements of the island s husbandmans of bananas. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) Types of Tourism practiced in Port Antonio Impacts of Tourism in Port Antonio Environmental Impact Tourism has frequently flourished in this parish. Because of its natural attractive forces, any enlargement into this sensitive country might damage the environment. Port Antonio is extremely dependent on its natural resources from which it generates its income. In this parish s present province, the landforms and H2O organic structures caters to the home grounds for many workss and animate beings ; nevertheless there is demand to develop proper resource direction systems relevant to the inflow of tourer. When it rains it gives exuberant flora but besides leads to drainage jobs to tourist countries. ( Mcintosh ) Port Antonio offers an enrapturing holiday experience even though it s still in demand of proper substructure. Hurricane Sandy has cause terrible harm to the environment in Portland but with aid from the authorities Port Antonio has managed to acquire back on its pess. Other environmental impacts include: pollution, torment to visitants, air and noise pollution and deforestation. Social Impact The civilization and the local population s values are respected every bit good as the community s individuality. There are several historical memorials there which they are seeking to continue. One of the more of import societal facet is the betterment in the services and installations, bays, Parkss, conveyance, etc. On the negative side, the occupants have become retainers of the tourer and this has created bitterness towards the visitants and appears countries of societal tenseness. Because touristry involves going from one finish to another, tourers will come across run intoing new persons of different civilizations and as a consequence, cultural contentions may sometime occur between individuals of different faith, cultural group or more. More so, the attitude towards tourers by local abode may fluctuate. Residents may get down of welcoming to the visitants but so develop certain bitterness towards them. ( Coast learn ) Economic This speaks to factors such as employment, income, involvement rate, productiveness and wealth. Current development in the travel and touristry trade reinforces trends towards a more inexpensive and flexible employment conditions. Children are sometimes recruited for such occupations, because they are inexpensive and flexible employees ( Coast learn ) All affecting member ( the citizens, the touristry industry and the visitants ) have invested involvement in the direction of the environmental resource base and a responsibility to make their portion to back up this direction. If the environment is degraded all parties stand to lose visitants will neglect to come ( or will be willing to pay less ) and the states will lose an of import beginning of economic benefit. In other words the environment will bring forth decreased economic, ecological, and agreeableness benefits. ( Edwards, 2009 ) Role of touristry centres A touristry information Centre is an organisational construction where workers assist tourers, locally and internationally with the engagements of adjustments, rubber-necking and transit services. ( Hayward, Marvell, Reynolds, A ; Stewart, 2005 ) The Jamaica Tourist Board, established in 1955 has on three subdivisions located across the island ( Kingston, Montego Bay, Ocho Rios ) . The function of the Jamaica Tourist Board is to market and endorse Jamaica as a finish. ( Jamaica Tourist Board ) Presently there are no touristry boards or centres located in Port Antonio harmonizing to a representative working at the Jamaica Tourist Board Information Centre, but I do believe there is a demand for one in that peculiar locality and every parish to be exact being as how they operate as a usher for serving tourers who may desire to research the country. Tourists are traveling to necessitate information of attractive forces that suit their involvement to see and how to acquire at that place. Therefore, the development of one would be most convenient for them. Manners of transits Port Antonio is accessible by land, air and sea but the most favourable manner is by land. There s a transit centre that extends along the waterfront where coachs and taxis leave on a regular basis, transportations from the airdrome to this country is offered by JUTA. Ken Jones Aerodrome ( 913-3173 ) located 9km West of Port Antonio, no longer having flights from Air Jamaica Express at last visit. These yearss the lone entrance flights are private planes and hired flights of International Airlink and TimAir. Most upscale hotels offer free transportations to and from the Ken Jones Aerodrome for invitees. ( Alone planet ) The Errol Flynn Marina, accessible by sea, offers imposts clearance for private vass ( Lonely planet ) . This marina is besides being used by the seashore guards of a nearby constabulary station. Support Services in Port Antonio Tourism is a really of import portion of Jamaica s economic system. Peoples from all over the universe travel to Jamaica for vacation annually to see the island s pleasant clime, twelvemonth unit of ammunition sunlight, the lovely white sand beaches and beautiful landscapes. Port Antonio is a major resort country in the state of Jamaica. Many might non cognize that touristry was chiefly started in this country and is still a chief resort where tourer from all over the Earth wants to see. Port Antonio, which is the capital of Portland, has all the necessary support services to ease touristry. The country has many attractive forces, equal transit for tourer travel and many eating houses that tourer would wish to banquet at. The country besides provides keen adjustment for tourer stay. One of the hotels located in Port Antonio is the Goblin Hill Villas. This resort is a really fantastic and pleasant topographic point for tourer. Many tourers, when sing Jamaica and desire to remain in Port Antonio, make reserves to remain at the Goblin Hill Villas. The resort offers many installations to act upon tourer stay. One of these installations includes: a white sand beach protected by a coral reef, perfect for snorkeling. It was said by a visitant to the hotel, on t rip adviser, that beautiful belongings, full of character . Most tourist visit Jamaica to see the fantastic attractive forces, do Jamaican activities or merely to populate the Jamaican life style that they hear about. In Port Antonio there are many attractive forces and activities that tourer would love to see for themselves. Most tourers, when sing this resort country in Jamaica, make it a responsibility to hold the experience of rafting the Rio Grande River. Rafting on the Rio Grande River was purportedly started by the legendary Hollywood star, Errol Flynn, to entertain his invitee. Rafting on the Rio Grande is safe, and is done by a skilled, accredited raft captain. While tourers are on their rafting escapade on the Rio Grande River, they will go through through lover s lane ; this is besides a tourer favourite. Rio Grande rafting provides some of the most beautiful positions in Jamaica and on your 3 hr, 6 mile escapade ; you will certainly hold on cognition of the fantastic island of Jamaica. Another favourite attractive force of tourer who visits the Port Antonio resort country is the Boston bay beach. Boston bay beach is celebrated throughout Jamaica and even the universe, but non for its white pearly sand, nor for its clear and beautiful H2O, but chiefly for the nutrient. Boston bay is said to be the topographic point where dork nutrient was originated from. When tourer are in the resort country of Port Antonio and are hungry for some tasty dork nutrient, this would be the topographic point they instead to travel. Boston bay hosts the Portland dork festival one time a twelvemonth. Boston bay beach is besides said to be a good known breaker topographic point, possibly even be the best in Jamaica. The bluish laguna is the following major attractive force in the resort country of Port Antonio. The bluish laguna is a natural laguna, located seven stat mis east of Port Antonio. The laguna was thought of to be bottomless, but frogmans have discovered that it is 180 pess in deepness. Tourist from all over will seek to see the bluish laguna to see the beauty of the laguna or merely to take a swim in it. The most attractive characteristic of the laguna is its cryptic bluish coloring material, which changes throughout the twenty-four hours, depending on where the Sun is. If you spend a twenty-four hours on the bluish laguna, you will see a color alteration of turquoise to sapphire. The Blue hole was the original name of the site, but because of the cinematography of the move Blue Lagoon, the name was so changed. The bluish laguna has attracted many tourers from all over the universe sing Jamaica. No affair which resort country tourer corsets, they tend to desire to do a trip to the Bl ue Lagoon. Great huts in another delighting hotel in the resort country of Port Antonio. It is located in Boston bay, near to the Boston bay beach. Great huts Villa is really different from most hotels. Alternatively of the normal modern, mundane hotel suites, great hut gives to the tourers huts that are really comfy and looks really antique. There are now windows in the suites at Great huts, the suites are merely unfastened to nature. Staying at Great huts Villa, you will besides acquire a beautiful position of the ocean, merely outside your window is the Boston bay beach. Great huts Villa provide installations such as a swimming pool, a library and wash installations etc. comfortss include: in-room massage, housework, arrange of nuptials services, providing etc. Great huts Villa is the right topographic point for you, if you want something different and off from the normal tourer finishs. Port Antonio provides equal transit services to ease touristry in the country. One such agencies of transit is auto leases. Most travellers will lease a vehicle before they arrive in Port Antonio, to do their travel easier and more comfy. It is easier to acquire through Port Antonio than other resort countries such as Montego Bay and Ocho Rios. Another agency of transit that is carried out in Port Antonio is the cab services. Not as many taxis are in Port Antonio as the other resort countries, but this is still the most popular manner of transit for visitants. Cab rates in this resort country are done by auto, non by rider. Menus would be every bit low as US $ 5-7 for 10 stat mis, so a tourer must hold to a set monetary value by the cab driver, before vehicle moves off to the needed finish. Bus service is another popular agencies of transit that is provided in Port Antonio. This means of transit can be palling, slow and crowded. Majority of the coachs does nt incorporate air conditioning and this could be a negative stimulation for tourer who chose this agencies of travel. Bus menu is about US $ 1 for 30-40 stat mis. This means of transit is chiefly used by tourer to research and acquire familiar with the country and its attractive forces. Guided canopy Tourss will be provided for travelers of all ages and fittingness degrees. The Tourss will transport visitants to historic locations in the locality such as Mooretown, working banana plantations and local waterfalls. There are many eating houses in the resort country of Port Antonio that tourer like to travel, but harmonizing to trip adviser, a topographic point called Bush Bar is the figure one eating house, ranked by tourers. The Bush Bar eating house is located at the Geejam hotel. They serve an mixture of Continental and Jamaican culinary arts. The eating house besides has a beautiful position of the ocean in Port Antonio. Another celebrated eating house in the country is the Juicy Beef Patties. Tourists love to eat cakes and the Juicy Beef Patty eating house would be the perfect eating house for patty lovers on holiday in the resort country of Port Antonio. The Juicy Beef Patty eating house is ranked figure three on trip adviser for eating houses in the resort country of Port Antonio. Selling of Port Antonio Port Antonio is marketed through a well-known traveling web site created by the Jamaica Tourist Board where they promote the country through excessive exposure and picture. They provide possible travellers with entree to brief descriptions of the locality every bit good as a list of assorted merchandises and services available within the country such attractive forces, adjustments, eating houses, activities and events to capture the tourer s involvement. ( JTB Information Portal ) Decision Based on what we have seen, heard and read we can safely state that Port Antonio is one of the best resort country in Jamaica. It is all reserved, natural and rich in history. The lone thing left for possible tourers to make is to travel and see it for themselves.

Magna carta Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Magna carta - Essay Example The barons, unable to bear the pain of the king’s extra taxes, rebelled in June 1215 and captured London, though not entirely, forcing the king to enter into a peaceful settlement with them. This resulted into the signing of the Magna Carta which aimed at limiting the powers of the king while protecting certain rights of his subjects such as the right against unlawful imprisonment (For Know It- Alls 4).Of great concern to the king was clause 61 or the security clause which made him a ceremonial monarch as it stipulated much power for the barons over the king.( For Know It- Alls 9) The document has 63 clauses and can be divided into three sections: the first section deals with the position of the Catholic Church in England, the second are clauses that stipulates that the king will be less harsh on the barons and the third are clauses that concerns England’s legal system. (History learning site 1).Alchin 1, records that Archbishop Stephen Langton and the most powerful barons of the medieval England drafted the contents of Magna Carta, putting into rest the question of authorship. Magna Carta, a document signed by King John in1215 did lay a strong foundation for the liberties of not just England but it was to later influence the liberties of Anglophones, United States and the drafting of the United Nations Human

Critically assess Wildavskys theory of the two presidencies Essay

Critically assess Wildavskys theory of the two presidencies - Essay Example The papers will critically asses Wildavsky’s theory with regard to the presidencies of President Franklin, D. Roosevelt, President George W. Bush and President Bill Clinton to establish whether foreign and domestic policies operate as dichotomies or they operate in reciprocity. The American politics has always been characterized by critical analysis of the policies adopted by presidents and how these policies impact on the values, beliefs and perception of the American people. The way the Americans perceive the policies usually determine the popularity of presidents and whether they will only rule for one term or two terms. A retrospective analysis on the approaches taken by American presidents reveals that there exists a dichotomy in relation to how American presidents shuffle their political cards in their bid to push forwards certain agendas that they deem important for the American nation. The Dichotomy is clearly brought out in Wildavsky’s theory of Two Presidencie s.

The Conquest Of Mexico Essay Example for Free

The Conquest Of Mexico Essay The Spaniards, in the conquest of the Mexican people, relied just as heavily on chance and luck as they did on their on their skills on diplomacy and military prowess. The sicknesses that the Spaniards brought over with them in addition to the political situation that the Mexica had established with their neighbors is what really brought about the downfall of the great Mexican civilizations. In addition to these factors there was also the fact that up to this point in history the Americas have had very little in the way of contact from the outside world and consequently had next to no knowledge of the civilizations across the sea. When they first encountered the Spanish Conquistadors they held the belief that they were from the gods and that Cortez was the reincarnation of one of their gods and as such welcomed them with open arms. When you take into consideration all of the factors mentioned above you will see that the conquest of Aztecs and other Native American civilizations by the Spanish was accomplished by three major factors: diplomacy, military prowess, and no small amount of luck. The first of those factors is the diseases that the Europeans brought across the Atlantic with them. The most notable disease that caused the majority of the deaths among the Native American people was the pestilence of smallpox. An account of just how devastating smallpox was among a populace whose immune systems had no prior experience with or any way to combat European diseases can be found in book twelve of the Florentine Codex. â€Å"Before the Spaniards came to us, first an epidemic broke out, a sickness of pustules. It began in Tepeilhuitl. Large bumps spread on people; some where completely covered. They spread everywhere, on the face, the head, the chest, etc. [The disease] brought great desolation, a great many died of it. (Lockhart, 1993, 190)† The account goes on to describe the horrors that the disease had left behind in the lives of those who were lucky enough to survive. Many of the survivors had been left horribly scared or even blinded if they were unlucky enough for the disease to spread into their eyes. The main reason that these diseases had such a devastating effect on the natives and not on the Spaniards is the fact that the natives had very little in the way of domesticated animals. The Europeans had for thousands of years been in possession of a great many domesticated animal, such as pigs, horses, chickens, and cows, and it is these animals that are usually the incubators and carriers of a great many deadly diseases. Since the Europeans had been around them for so long their immune systems had adapted to the situation and were able to combat the diseases. The Aztecs had no such advantage. The deadly diseases of Europe were something completely new to them and their immune systems had no way to combat them. The Spaniards had no compunctions about taking advantage of the situation in their conquest of Mexico. Another huge factor that the Spanish had in their favor was the superior weapons that they had at their disposal and huge advantage that the weapons gave them in battle. The Aztec people were severely limited in the type of weapon that they could wield in battle due to the simple fact that their civilization had never discovered the art of metallurgy which Europe had discovered long prior. The weapons that they created were made from wood and stone. One such weapon that the majority of the Aztec warriors had in their possession is described in the book titled Victors and Vanquished. â€Å"Their primary weapon was a kind of wooden sword set with obsidian blades designed for slashing and incapacitating rather than killing an opponent. (Schwartz 2000 11)† The weapons of the Aztec warriors were all similar to that in that they were designed to incapacitate instead of kill. The entire reason for the Aztecs to be at war was the capture of prisoners that they could sacrifice to their gods. The Spaniards were not like that. Their weapons were designed for one purpose, to kill. Many of those weapons, such as the musket or crossbow, had a much greater range than any of the weapons that the natives could field in battle and they had no answer at all to the power of the Spaniards canons. The one factor that made all of every weapon that the Spaniards had at their disposal superior to any Aztec weapon is the simple fact that they were made of steel. There was one obstacle that the Conquistadors had that would prevent them from overwhelming the Aztecs even with their superior weaponry. That aforementioned obstacle was the fact that the Spanish only numbered in the hundreds while the Aztecs had their entire civilization backing them. The way that they were able to overcome that obstacle was through the art of diplomacy. The constant invasions and taking of prisoners by the Aztecs for their human sacrifices had earned them many enemies among their neighbors. When Spain began its exploration of the new world those very same neighbors saw their chance to finally bring about the destruction of their oppressors. An example of this can be found in a Spanish account of the invasion of Chapultepec. â€Å"The war was sustained fiercely on both sides, since on our side we had the help of many Tlaxacalan warriors †¦(Aguilar, 1993, 196)† The constant warfare and human sacrifice that the gods of the Aztecs demanded of them had finally helped to bring about the downfall of that great civilization. There was no one thing that brought about the downfall of the Mexican people. It was a conglomeration of events that finally toppled the great civilizations. The sicknesses and plaques that the Europeans brought over with them played no small part. The way in which the natives waged war was also a significant factor. The factor that really broke the back of the Aztecs was the constant need for human sacrifice. In their dealings with their neighbors they had created the foundation that Spaniards used for the negotiating of allies in the conquest of Mexico. In this collision of two previously separate worlds it was the Spanish who came out as the victor and the Aztecs as the vanquished.

Silk - The Queen of Fibers Essay -- Textiles

Silk, sometimes affectionately referred to as the â€Å"queen of fibers,† is the strongest natural fiber in the world, and it is used to make expensive cloth. There’s more to silk, though, than being great to make fine garments. Did you know that a thread of silk can be stronger than some kinds of steel? Probably not. We hope to give you more insight into the wonders of silk in our report. THE DISCOVERY OF SILK One of the only – if not the only – documentation on the discovery of silk is an ancient Chinese legend. According to this legend, silk was discovered in the garden of Emperor Huangdi around 2700 B.C.E. The mulberry trees in his garden were being destroyed, and he ordered his wife, Xilingshi, to go out there and see what was the cause of the damage done to his trees. When Xilingshi went out to examine the trees, she found white worms eating the leaves of the mulberry leaves and spinning shiny cocoons. She then accidentally dropped one of the cocoons into some hot water. And when she started playing with the cocoon in the water, long white strings disentangled themselves from the cocoon. It is said that this was how silk was discovered. Xilingshi then went to Emperor Huangdi to ask him to give her a grove of mulberry trees, in order for her to breed thousands of worms that would spin these beautiful cocoons. The king then obliged. Some accounts claim that she was the person who invented the silk reel, which is a device used to join fine silk filaments into a thread thick enough to be used for weaving. Others also credit her for being the maker of the first silk loom. How true these stories are still remain uncertain with historians. One thing they are sure about, though, is that silk was first used in China. The Ch... ...pired designs (like leaves or cherry blossom trees) or of animals (like dragons or phoenixes). Pictures of Chinese silk are on the last page of the report. Works Cited "History of Silk." Silkroad Foundation. Silkroad Foundation, 2000. Web. 16 Feb. 2011. . Hong, Lily Toy. The Empress and the Silkworm. Morton Grove, Illinois: Albert Whitman, 1995. Print. "Silk." World Book S-Sn Volume 17. 2004. Print. Textile Fabric Consultants Inc., Amy Willbanks. "Silk." www.fabrics.net/ amysilk.asp. fabrics INC, 19 Feb. 2011. Web. 19 Feb. 2011. . "Who smuggled the silkworm into japan + broke the silk monopoly of the Chinese?" Yahoo! Answers. Yahoo! Inc., 2008. Web. 16 Feb. 2011. .

Investment in Vietnam

GUIDEBOOK ON BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT IN VIETNAM BERLIN, 2011 FOREWORD Over the past two decades, Viet Nam’s economy has bee n developing rapidly owing to its â€Å"Doi moi† (Renovation) policy and activeness to integrate itself into the global economy. W ith its enormous efforts and determination, and effective cooperation with international partners and friends worldwide, Viet Nam is taking firm steps towards industrialization and modernization.With a stable political environment and great economic potentials, Viet Nam is an attractive destination for doing business and investment. The Government of Viet Nam has been ceaselessly endeavoring to improve the investment climate with the aim at creating an increasingly business-friendly environment in Viet Nam. Germany is the biggest economic partner of Viet Nam in Europe. The economic cooperation between the two countries has been fruitfully burgeoning.In an effort to further strengthen the economic cooperation between Vie t Nam and Germany, t he Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam in coordination with the relevant ministries of Viet Nam to publish the Guidebook on Business and Investment of Viet Nam, which is expected to provide German businesses with an overview of the Viet Nam’s economy and its business and investment climate.We are confident that German businesses can find helpful information and guidelines on investment and doing business in Viet Nam from the Guidebook, and thereby have a deeper understanding of the Viet Nam’s economy, a dynamically emerging and reliable destination for international investment flows. We deeply thank the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Planning and Investment of Viet Nam for their kind support and assistance. We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr.Andreas Stoffers, Board Member of German Business Association Vietnam and Member Executive Committee Euroean Chamber of Commerce Vietman for reviewing this book. W e al so heartedly thank Marktforschung und Kommunikation GmbH for her great cooperation and excellent coordination in publishing the Guidebook. Dr. Do Hoa Binh Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the S. R. Viet Nam to the Federal Republic of Germany 2 ABBREVIATION ASEAN BCC BOM BOT BT BTO CEPT CIT CPC DOLISA DPI EIAR EL EPC EPZ EU EZ FIC FOB GDP HTZ IL IZ JVC LTT LUR LURC MFN MOIT MOLISA MONRE MOST MPI NOIP ODA PCT PIT PPP RO SBV TTC USD VAT VCAD VNDW TO Association of Southeast Asian Nations Business co-operation contract Board of Management of IZs, EPZs, HTZs and EZs Build-operate-transfer (including its derivative forms, BTO and BT) Build-transfer Build-transfer-operate Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme Corporate income tax Civil Proceedings Code Provincial Department of Labour, War Invalids and Social Affairs Provincial Department of Planning and Investment Environmental impact assessment report Enterprise Law Environment protection commitment Export processing zone European Union Economic zone Foreign-invested company Free on board Gross Domestic ProductHigh-tech zone Investment Law Industrial zone Joint venture company Law on Technology Transfer Land use rights Certificate of land use rights Most Favoured Nation Ministry of Industry and Trade Ministry of Labour, War Invalids and Social Affairs Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Planning and Investment National Office of Intellectual Property Official development assistance Patent Cooperation Treaty Personal income tax Public Private Partnership Representative Office State Bank of Vietnam Technology transfer contract United States of America dollarValue-added tax Vietnam Competition Administration Department Vietnamese Dong W orld Trade Organisation 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 VIETNAM AT A GLANCE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 I: KEY FACTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 II: POLITICAL SYSTEM †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ III: ECONOMY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 IV: INFRASTRUCTURE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 V: VIETNAM- GERMANY ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 21 LEGAL GUIDE FOR INVESTING AND DOING BUSINESS IN VIETNAM †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 24 I: INVESTMENT REGULATIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 24 II:TRADE REGULATIONS â € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 30 III: TAXATION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 35 IV: CUSTOMS REGULATIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 42 V: LAND LAW †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 44 VI: FOREIGN EXCHANGE AND LOANS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 VII: EMPLOYMENT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 52 VIII: COMPETITION LAW †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 58 IX: ENVIRONMENT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 62 X: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 64 XI: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 XII: DISPUTE RESOLUTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 73 BUSINESS TRAVEL GUIDE TO VIETNAM †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 77 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: LIST OF SECTORS ENT ITLED TO INVESTMENT INCENTIVES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 80 APPENDIX 2: LIST OF GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF INVESTMENT INCENTIVES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 84 APPENDIX 3: USEFUL CONTACTS AND ADDRESSES IN VIETNAM †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 87 4 VIETNAM AT A GLANCE I: KEY FACTS ? Official name: The Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Capital: Hanoi. ? Largest city: Ho Chi Minh City. ? Administrative subdivisions: 58 provinces and 5 municipalities (Hanoi, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Ho Chi Minh and Can Tho). ? Official language: Vietnamese. ? Location: In the center of Southeast Asia, neighboring on China to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, and the East Sea and Pacific Ocean to the East and South. ? Area: 331,690 km2. ? Coast line: 3,260 km. ? Climate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-Octobe r to mid-March). Population (2010): 86. 9 million, by area (urban: 30% and rural: 70%) and by age (less than 15 years old: 24. 7%, 15 -64 years old: 68. 5% and more than 65 years old: 6. 8%). ? Population density: 262 people/km2. ? Literacy: 93. 7%. ? Natural resource: Energy resources (oil, gas, coal, hydropower and wind power); minerals (bauxite, iron ore, lead, gold, precious stones, tin, chromate, anthracite, construction materials, granite, marble, clay, white sand and graphite); sea and tropical forestry resources and agricultural potential. ?Currency: Vietnamese Dong (VND). ? Exchange rate (April 2011): 1 USD = 20,725 VND. ? GDP (2010): 104. 7 billion USD. ? GDP per capita (2010): 1,204 USD. ? GDP real growth rate (2010): 6. 78%. ? GDP by sector (2010): Agriculture (20. 6%), Industry (41. 1%) and Service (38. 3%). ? Exports: Crude oil, garments, shoes, marine products, electronic products and components, funitures, rice, coffee, rubber, tea, pepper. ? Major export markets: US A, Japan, China, Australia, Singapore, Germany, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Netherland. ?Imports: Machinery & equipment, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, fertilizer, steel products, metal, textile, garment and shoe inputs, vehicles. 5 ? II: Major import markets: China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Thailand, USA, Malaysia, India, Germany. POLITICAL SYSTEM The current Constitution was adopted in 1992 and amended in 2001. It clearly indicates that the State is â€Å"of the people, by the people and for the people†. The people access the State power through the National Assembly and People's Councils, which are composed of elected representatives who represent the people's will and aspirations.The Constitution endows all citizens, men and women alike, with equal rights in all political, economic, cultural and social spheres as well as in family affairs, the right to and freedom of belief and religion and the right to choose and practice a religion, the r ight to and freedom of movement and residence in Vietnam, and the right to go abroad and return home as stipulated by laws. The National Assembly is the highest representative body of the people, endowed with the highest State power of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.It governs constitutional and legislative rights, decides fundamental domestic and foreign policies, socioeconomic tasks, and national defence and security issues, etc. It exercises the right to supreme supervision of all activities of the State. The State President is the Head of State, elected by the National Assembly from among its deputies to represent the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in domestic and foreign affairs. The term of office of the President is the same as that of the Chairman of the National Assembly.The Government is the executive body of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. It has the same term of office as the National Assembly and administers the implementation of State affairs in the fields of poli tics, economics, culture, society, national defence and security and foreign relations. The government is headed by the Prime Minister and comprises Deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers and other government members. The Supreme People's Court is the judicial body of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.It supervises and directs the judicial work of local People's Courts, Military Tribunals, Special Tribunals and other tribunals, unless otherwise prescribed by the National Assembly at the establishment of such Tribunals. The Supreme People's Procuracy oversees the enforcement of the law and exercises the right to prosecution, and ensures serious and uniform implementation of the law. III: ECONOMY Since the Doi moi (reforms) were introduced in the mid-1980s, Vietnamese economy has changed rapidly.Replacing the old centrally-planned economy, Vietnam has shifted to a new economic structure namely a socialist-oriented market economy, and has gained significant success. Today the aim of Vietnam is to become a basically industrialized country by 2020. 6 Overall achievements Vietnam embarked on Doi moi in 1986 and the country has seen many dramatic changes since. Over the last decade it has recorded an average GDP growth rate of 7. 3 percent per annum, ranking it second in the region after China. Its economy suffered from the 2008-09 economic crisis but recovered rapidly, with GDP growth rate of 6. 78 percent in 2010.ADB forecasts that the economy of Vietnam will increase by 6. 1 and 6. 7 percent in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Vietnam already became a lower middle income country with its GDP per capita of 1,204 USD in 2010. To a large extent, Vietnam has successfully transformed from a centrally-planned economy with heavy bureaucracy and subsidies to a socialist -oriented market economy characterized by strong dynamism and rapidly growing entrepreneurship. The country's economy has integrated deeply into the global and regional economies, bringing about a sharp rise in trad e volumes as well as an influx of foreign investment.The economy is well on the way to being a multi-sector model operating according to market mechanisms. The private sector has enjoyed very favourable conditions created by the Enterprise Law of 2000, which institutionalizes the freedom of all individuals to conduct business in areas not prohibited by law and removes a large number of administrative obstacles that hampered enterprises. With a view to raising the efficiency of the state -owned sector, the government has adopted assertive policy measures to reorganize the sector through equitization.As a result, more than 3,970 state-owned enterprises were equitized by the end of 2010. GDP of Vietnam, 2000-2010 120 9. 0 8. 0 7. 0 80 6. 0 5. 0 60 4. 0 40 3. 0 2. 0 20 1. 0 0 0. 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year GDP GDP growth rate Source: General Statistics Office 7 GDP growth rate (%) GDP (billion USD) 100 Progress in particular sectors As Vietnam's GDP con tinuously increases the country's economic structure has also seen notable changes. From 1990 to 2010 the share of the agriculture sector reduced from 38. 7 percent to 20. percent, while that of industry and construction increased from 22. 7 percent in 1990 to 41. 1 percent in 2010. The service sector remained relatively constant: 38. 6 percent in 1990 and 38. 3 percent in 2010. Agriculture still plays a critical role in Vietnam's socio-economic life since it generates about 57 percent of total employment and makes important contribution to the expansion of the country's foreign trade. Vietnam are among the leading countries in terms of agricultural exports such as rice, coffee, cashew nuts and aqua-products, etc.Industry continues to grow rapidly in terms of gross output, at an average rate of 10-15 percent per annum. Besides state enterprises, foreign-invested and the private enterprises play an increasingly important role in industrial development and exports. Services are growin g at an average rate of 7-8 percent. In 2010 the value added of service sector grew 7. 52 percent with good performances being recorded in the trade, finance, and hotels and restaurant sub-sectors as consumption and tourism remained buoyant. Industry and services continue to increase their sha re in the economy.This reflects market oriented reforms, a gradual reduction in barriers to competition and to private sector development, and improvements in physical infrastructure. Greater diversification in industrial production and services lays the foundation for further sustained growth in output and employment. VA growth rate by sector of Vietnam, 2000-2010 12. 0 10. 0 Percent 8. 0 6. 0 4. 0 2. 0 0. 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Agriculture Industry Source: General Statistics Office 8 Service International economic integrationVietnam has made major steps forward in its commitments to regional and international economic integration. Following the introduc tion of Doi moi it signed an economic and trade cooperation agreement with the EU in 1995, joined ASEAN in 1995, adhered to CEPT/AFTA in 1996 and became an APEC member in 1998. The Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) with the United States was signed in 2000, which resulted in a dramatic increase in the trade volume between the two countries. Vietnam became the 150th member of the World Trade Organization on January 11, 2007.Vietnam's commitments in the WTO increase market access for exports of goods and services of WTO's members and establish greater transparency in regulatory trade practices as well as a more level playing field between Vietnamese and foreign companies. Vietnam undertook commitments on goods (tariffs, quotas and ceilings on agricultural subsidies) and services (provisions of access to foreign service providers and related conditions), and to implement agreements on intellectual property (TRIPS), investment measures (TRIMS), customs valuation, technical barriers to tra de, sanitary nd phytosanitary measures, import licensing provisions, anti-dumping and countervailing measures, and rules of origin. At present, Viet Nam has established diplomatic relations with 172 countries and signed 55 bilateral investment agreements and 58 double taxation agreements with countries and territories including Germany. It has economic and trading relations with about 165 countries and territories. Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organizations and over 650 non-governmental organizations.The policy of â€Å"multi-lateralization and diversification† in international relations has helped Vietnam to integrate more deeply into the global and regional economies and increase trade and investment ties with nations all over the world. More importantly, Vietnam has improved its enable business friendly environment over time. World Bank recognized that Vietnam is one of the 10 most-improved economies in ease of doing business in 2010. Currently, its ranking is 78 and even higher than other Asia countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, China, India. Vietnam’s rankings according to various indices Index 2011-2010 rank 2010-2009 rankWorld Bank’s Ease of doing business 78/183 88/183 World Economic Forum's Global competitiveness index 59/139 75/133 12/top 20 12/top 25 (*) ATKEARNEY' FDI confidence index Note (*) data for 2007 9 International trade Total export volume of Vietnam increased by 18 percent per year on average in the last decade and its import volume also did so by 19. 2 percent per year. In 2010 its total trade volume reached $155. 6 billion ($71. 6 billion of export and $84 billion of import), equal to 149 percent of its GDP. Both the composition and quality of exports have improved significantly. The proportion of industrial products has risen considerably.The five biggest export items include oil, textiles, footwear, seafood and wood products. Vietnam is in the early stage of the industrialisation and modernis ation process and receives a large inflow of FDI therefore it relies largely on the imp orted equipment and materials. Trade relations with foreign countries, especially other countries in the region, have expanded over time. The biggest trading partners of Viet Nam include China, America, ASEAN, EU, Japan and South Korea. International trade of Vietnam, 2000-2010 160 70 140 60 120 50 100 40 80 30 60 20 40 10 20 0 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Year Export Import Trade in goods as % GDP Source: General Statistics Office 10 Trade in goods as % GDP (percent) 180 80 Trade (billion US$) 90 Top 10 export and import items of Vietnam, 2010 Garment Machinery & equipment Footwear Steel products Seafood Petroleum products Crude oil Fabric Electronic products Electronic products Furniture Vehicles Rice Platics Machinery & equipment Garment and shoe inputs Precious stone & metals Metals Rubber Animal feed 0. 0 5. 0 10. 0 15. 0 0. 0 5. 0 10. 0 15. 0 Import volume (billio n USD) Export volume (billion USD) Export item Import item Source: General Statistics OfficeForeign direct investment Since the introduction of the Law on Foreign Investment in 1987, by the end of 2010, 12,236 foreign investment projects were licensed with total registered capital of $193. 4 billion and total disbursed capital of over $61 billion. The investors from 92 countries and territories have committed investments in Viet Nam. Most of them are from Asia, Europe and America. Taiwan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Japan and Malaysia and are the top five countries and territories investing in Vietnam. The next five countries and territories are British Virgin Islands, America, Hongkong, Cayman Islands and Thailand.These â€Å"top ten† countries and territories account for over three quarters of the total licensed projects and foreign registered capital in Viet Nam. Since 1996 there has been a tendency towards investment in producing goods for export, infrastructure constru ction, producing import substitutes and in labour intensive industries. There are more than 8,327 projects in the manufacturing and processing, real estate and construction industries with a total capital of about US$153,5 billion, accounting for nearly 80% of the registered capital.While there are foreign invested projects in all provinces and cities in Viet Nam, most investment has been in the key economic areas in the South including Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai, Binh Duong, Ba Ria, Vung Tau, and in the North including Hanoi, Hai Duong, Hai Phong and Quang Ninh. The foreign invested sector has increased rapidly, gradually asserting itself as a dynamic component of the economy, and has made an important contribution to enhancing the competitiveness and efficiency of the economy. In 20 10, the foreign invested sector has accounted for 21. 5% of the country's total investment, contributed 18. percent to GDP, 54. 2 percent to export volume (crude oil included), 44. 4 percent to industr ial gross output and employed 1. 6 million persons. 11 FDI Inflow of Vietnam, 2000-2010 Project number Registered capital Service, 10. 7% Telecom. & transportation 4. 1% Service, 19. 2% Processing & manufacturing 48. 7% Agriculture, 1. 6% Processing & manufacturing 59. 8% Agriculture 3. 9% Telecom. & transportation 7. 7% Real estate & construction 30. 8% Power, water, gas, 2. 5% Mining, 1. 5% Real estate & construction 8. 4% Power, water, gas, 0. 5% Mining, 0. 6% Source: Ministry of Planning and Investment FDI of Vietnam by sector, 2010 600 60 1400 1200 50 1000 40 800 30 600 20 400 10 200 0 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Disbursement Total investment Note: Accumulated inflow of FDI by the end of 2010 Source: Ministry of Planning and Investment 12 No. of project 1800 70 FDI inflow (billion US$) 80 Top 10 destinations and investors of Vietnam, 2010 Top 10 FDI receiving provinces Top 10 investing countries and territories Ho Chi Minh City Chinese Taipei B a Ria – Vung Tau Korea Republic Ha Noi Singapore Dong Nai Japan Binh Duong Malaysia Ha Tinh British Virgin Islands Phu Yen America Thanh Hoa Hong Kong Hai Phong Cayman IslandsQuang Nam Thailand 0. 0 10. 0 20. 0 30. 0 Total registered investment (billion USD) 0. 0 5. 0 10. 0 15. 0 20. 0 25. 0 Total registered investment (billion USD) Note: Accumulated inflow of FDI by the end of 2010 Source: Ministry of Planning and Investment IV: INFRASTRUCTURE ? Road network: – ? 171,392 km country-wide. 2 North-South pivot routes: (i) the 1A National Highway of 2,260km in length from Lang Son to Ca Mau and (ii) the Ho Chi Minh Highway of 3,167km in length from Cao Bang to Ca Mau. Railway network: – ? Total length of 2,632 km. 278 stations country-wide. Hanoi – Ho Chi Minh City line: 1,726 km (it takes 29. hours for express train). – Linked to China railways in two directions, one from Lao Cai province to Yunnan province and one from Lang Son province to Kwangsi p rovince of China. – Planned to construct the railway lines connecting with Laos and Cambodia. Inland waterway: – More than 2,300 rivers and canals with total length of 198,000 km. – Inland waterway system of 35,386 km. 13 ? Sea ports: – – ? Vietnam has 3,260km coastline, a strategic position close to international shipping routes and favored natural conditions of foundation, sea depth, current, tidal, sedimentation and channels for developing seaport business. 7 national level sea ports, 23 provincial level sea ports and 9 offshore oil and gas sea ports. Current major important ports include Cai Lan and Hai Phong in the North, Da Nang and Quy Nhon in the Centre and Sai Gon and Cai Mep in the South. Airports: – ? 8 international airports: Cam Ranh (Nha Trang), Cat Bi (Hai Phong), Da Nang (Da Nang), Lien Khuong (Lam Dong), Noi Bai (Ha Noi), Phu Bai (Hue), Tra Noc (Can Tho), Tan Son Nhat (Ho Chi Minh City). In 2010, Tan Son Nhat Airport receive d 15. 5 million passergers and Noi Bai airport did 9. 5 million passengers. 14 domestic airports: Buon Ma Thuot (Dac Lac), Ca Mau (Ca Mau), Chu Lai (Quang Nam), Co Ong (Ba Ria – Vung Tau), Dien Bien Phu (Dien Bien Phu), Dong Tac (Phu Yen), Dong Hoi (Quang Binh), Gia Lam (Ha Noi), Na San (Son La), Pleiku (Gia Lai), Phu Cat (Binh Dinh), Phu Quoc (Kien Giang), Rach Gia (Kien Giang), Vinh (Nghe An). Business development zones: – ? 3 high-tech zones (Hoa Lac, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City) with total area of 3,509 ha of land. ? 260 industrial zones and export processing zones with total area of 71,394 ha of land. 15 economic zones located along sea coast with total area of 638,633 ha of land.Energy: – Electricity output reached 92. 7 billion kWh. – Crude oil and gas exploited 23 million ton. – Coal exploited 44 million ton. Telecommunication: – 26. 8 million Internet users. – 153. 7 million mobile subscriptions. – 16. 4 million fixed phone subscriptions. 14 15 Vietnam rail network 16 National seaports of Vietnam No. Seaport Province Current capacity of ship (DWT) 1 Cam Pha Quang Ninh 50,000 2 Hon Gai Quang Ninh 40,000 3 Hai Phong Hai Phong 20,000 4 Nghi Son Thanh Hoa 20,000 5 Cua Lo Nghe An 10,000 6 Vung Ang Ha Tinh 30,000 7 Chan May Thua Thien Hue 30,000 8 Da Nang Da Nang 30,000 9 Dung Quat Quang Ngai 0,000 10 Quy Nhon Binh Dinh 30,000 11 Van Phong Khanh Hoa 50,000 12 Nha Trang Khanh Hoa 20,000 13 Ba Ngoi Khanh Hoa 30,000 14 Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 30,000 15 Vung Tau Ba Ria – Vung Tau 50,000 16 Dong Nai Dong Nai 20,000 17 Can Tho Can Tho 10,000 Source: Decision 2190/QD-TTg dated 24/12/2009 17 Number and size of IPs and EPZs in Vietnam 300 71,394 70,000 60,000 40,000 150 26,971 260 100 183 11,830 50 50,000 43,687 200 300 1 2,370 12 30,000 20,000 130 10,000 65 0 1991 1995 2000 2005 2007 Year Number of IPs Size (ha) Source: Ministry of Planning and Investment 18 2010 Size of IPs (ha) Number of IP s 250Economic zones of Vietnam 19 SWOT Analysis of Vietnam Strengths Weaknesses ? One of fastest growing economies ? Few skilled professionals in Asia with average GDP growth of available; 7. 2% per year over the last decade; ? High bureaucratic barriers; ? Stable political and social security; ? Weak infrastructure (power, ? Abundance of human resources transportation); (labour force of 46. 2 million people; ? Underdeveloped supporting young, motivated and educated industries. workforce; 60% of population under 35 years old); ? Competitive business and production costs (cost labor, industrial land rent, energy cost, elephone cost, marine transportation, taxation); ? Available mineral and natural resources (coal, oil & gas, iron ore, bauxite, rare earth,.. ); ? Central location in South East Asia, long distance coast. Opportunities Threats ? Global integration (ASEAN, APEC, WTO membership); one of the world’s most open economies; ? High inflation; ? High trade deficit; ? Deva luation of VND; ? Higher demand for consumer goods and capital goods with better ? Banking and finance sector in infant stage; quality because of being a lower middle income country, aiming at ? Low national reserves. an industrialized country and ncreasing urban population; ? Export oriented and labour intensive industries; ? Infrastruture (road, railway, seaport, airport, power) projects funded by international donors or foreign investors. 20 V: VIETNAM- GERMANY ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP Trade Germany is the biggest trade partner of Vietnam in Europe. In 2010, despite the global economic downturn, bilateral trade reached nearly USD 6 billion, a substantial increase over the previous year. Total export value of Vietnam to Germany reached nearly USD 4 billion, accounting for 19% of total Vietnam’s export to the EU while its import value from German amounted to USD 2 billion.Vietnam’s main export items to Germany are garments, footwear, coffees, furnitures, see foods, leath er and leather apparel, office machinery, iron, metal products, articles of plastics, ceramic products, crude rubber. Germany is the second-largest market worldwide for robusta coffee and black pepper of Vietnam. Main import items from Germany to Vietnam include: machines (in mining, construction and civil engineering, textile, food and beverage,†¦), aircraft, units for electricity generation nd distribution, passenger cars, chemical products, pharmaceutical products, measurement, control and regulation technology products, industrial plants, plastics, lifting and handling equipment, medical equipment and orthopedic appliances, engines, iron, metal products, elec tronic components†¦ After WTO accession, Vietnam is becoming an emerging and lucrative market in Asia. As Vietnam is accelerating its industrialization process to become an â€Å"industrialized country† by 2020, the trend towards sophisticated production facilities is evident and it is likely to result in i ncreased demand for hi -tech machinery made in Germany.Investment There have been over 230 German companies operating and investing in Vietnam, including many Germany’s leading groups such as Siemens, Deutsche Bank, Mercedes, Metro, Bosch etc. By the end of April 2011, German companies have invested in 163 projects with registered capital of USD 825 million in Vietnam. Three fourths of total investment projects and two thirds of investment capital of Germany mainly concentrate in manufacturing, processing, technique services, information and communication technology, banking and finance services.Although German investment projects have been located in 26 locatio ns in Vietnam, most of them have been implemented in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Binh Duong and Dong Nai. In the upcoming time, the active implementation of mega infrastructure development and energy projects partially funded by German ODA such as the metro line No. 2 Ben Thanh – An Suong in Ho Chi Minh City (with length of 11 km and total investment capital of USD 1. 25 billion), O Mon IV thermo power, Phu Lac wind power, Vietnamese Green Line,†¦ will have positive impacts on promoting German investment flow into Vietnam.German foreign trade and investment promotion is well positioned in Viet Nam. German companies and investors can access to supports and advices from AHK Vietnam, German Business Association (GBA), a correspondent of Germany Trade and Invest (GTAI) in Vietnam. 21 Development cooperation Vietnam is an important partner of Germany in development cooperation. As one of the biggest donors among the EU members, Germany has provided Vietnam with more than EUR 1 billion in ODA since 1990. During 2011 – 2012, Germany committed nearly EUR 300 million for Vietnam. This is a clear evidence for strong support by Germany to the development of Vietnam.German-Vietnamese development cooperation focuses on the three priority areas: (i) Sustainable economic development and vocatio nal training; (ii) Environmental policy, conservation and sustainable use of natural resources; (iii) Health. German development cooperation has been utilizing effectively and contributing positively to socio-economic development of Vietnam, especially in vocational training, human resource development, infrastructure, clean energy source. During the visit of German Chancellor Dr. Angela Merkel to Viet Nam in October 2011, Hanoi Declaration was signed by Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung and Chancellor Dr.Angela Merkel. It is the start of the strategic partnership between Vietnam and Germany. Export and import between Vietnam and Germany, 2007-2010 4000 3500 Value (USD million) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2007 2008 Export from Vietnam to Germany 2009 2010 Year Import to Vietnam from Germany Source: German Federal Statistical Office 22 Gernam investment flow into Vietnam by sector, 2010 Registered capital Service, 10. 5 Agriculture, Telecom. & 5. 4 transportation 0. 4 Real estate & c onstruction 1. 0 Project number Processing & manufacturing 53. 6 Processing & manufacturing 46. 7 Service, 34. 2 Agriculture 2. 0 Power, water & gas, 29. Telecom. & Mining, 0. 7 transportation Real estate & 10. 5 construction Power, water & gas, 2. 0 3. 9 Mining, 0. 0 Source: Ministry of Planning and Investment 23 LEGAL GUIDE FOR INVESTING AND DOING BUSINESS IN VIETNAM I: INVESTMENT REGULATIONS On 1 July 2006, the investment regime comprised of a unified Enterprise Law (â€Å"EL†), which regulates corporations, and a common Investment Law (â€Å" IL†), which regulates investment, came into effect. The promulgation of these two important legislations is considered a significant watershed for improvement of the legal environment on investment activities and corporate governance in Vietnam. . Overview To do business under the IL and EL, foreign investors are required to obtain investment certificates from an appropriate Licensing Authority. Under the IL, investors may inv est in all sectors not prohibited by law. prohibited by law include: Areas ? Investment projects detrimental to national defence, security, and the public interest; ? Investment projects detrimental to historical and cultural traditions and the ethics or customs of Vietnam; ? Investment projects harming people’s health or destroying natural resources and the environment; and ?Investment projects treating toxic waste imported to Vietnam and investment projects manufacturing toxic chemicals banned by international law. 2. Licensing Investors shall follow the licensing and registration steps depending on the size and the sector of the investment project. Investment Certification Process 24 Conditional sectors: Investment projects in conditional sectors shall satisfy certain conditions in order to be licensed. Conditional sectors include: ? Broadcasting and television; ? Production, publishing and distribution of cultural products; ?Exploration and exploitation of minerals; ? Est ablishment of infrastructure for telecommunications network, transmission and provision of internet and telecommunications services; ? Establishment of public postal network and provision of postal services and express services; ? Construction and operation of river ports, sea ports, terminals and airports; ? Transportation of goods and passengers by railway, airway, roadway and sea and inland waterways; ? Catching of aquaculture; ? Production of tobacco; ? Real estate business; ? Import, export and distribution business; Education and training; ? Hospitals and clinics; and ? Other investment sectors in international treaties of which Vietnam is a member and which restrict the opening of the market to foreign investors. Investment Registration: Foreign investment projects with a total invested capital of less than VND 300 billion (US$ 15 million) and not falling in a conditional sector are subject to â€Å"investment registration† and foreign investors of such projects shall carry out the procedures for investment registration in order to be granted an investment certificate.The investment certificate also serves as the business registration of the corporate entity. Enterprises can subsequently register additional investment projects without the need to create a separate entity. The investor should submit application documents for investment registration to the Licensing Authority. The Licensing Authority shall check the documents and issue the investment certificate to the investors within 15 workin g days of receiving the valid application.Investment Evaluation: Any investment project with a total invested capital of VND 300 billion (US$ 15 million) or more or investment projects falling in conditional sectors shall undergo â€Å"an investment evaluation† by the Licensing Authority and other relevant authorities. There are two different types of evaluation: ? evaluation for investment projects regardless of total invested capital falling into c onditional sectors; and ? evaluation for investment projects with total invested capital of VND300 billion or more that do not fall into conditional sectors.For the evaluation of investment projects with total invested capital of VND 300 billion or more, along with the application documents, the applicant must also submit an â€Å"economic – technical explanation† of the investment project to the Licensing Authority. This covers the economic – technical explanatory statement, 25 objectives, scale, location, investment capital, implementation schedule, land use needs, and technological and environmental solutions of the investment project.For the evaluation of investment projects falling in conditional sectors, in addition to the application documents, the investor shall also demonstrate compliance with requirements specific to that conditional sector. When assessing the application documents, the Licensing Authority may liaise with other relevant Ministries and authorities in evaluating the proposed investment project. Items to be evaluated shall comprise: ? compliance with master planning/zoning for technical infrastructure, master planning/zoning for land use, master planning for construction, master planning for utilization of minerals and other natural resources; land use requirements; ? project implementation schedule; ? environmental solutions. The time-limit for evaluation of investment shall not exceed thirty (30) days from the date of receipt of a complete and valid file. In necessary cases, the above time -limit may be extended, but not beyond forty five (45) days. Applying for Construction License Filing for Investment Certificate Applying for the approval of Report on environment effects evaluation Agreement on land/building/office renting Evaluating preliminary technical design Environmental protection ommitment Land/building/office renting contract 26 Projects subject to Projects subject to environmental protection constructi on license commitment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Investment Certificate Projects subject to Report on environmental effects evaluation To-Do List for Investors 3. Licensing Authority Licensing Authority 3. 1 The Board of Management (â€Å"BOM†) of industrial zones (â€Å"IZs†), export processing zones (â€Å"EPZs†), high-tech zones (â€Å"HTZs†), and economic zones (â€Å"EZs†) are responsible for licensing foreign investments within their zones. 3 . 2National important BOT projects and PPP projects are licensed by the Ministry of Planning and Investment (â€Å"MPI†). Oil and gas projects, credit institutions, insurance projects and law firms are licensed by Ministry of Trade and Industry, State Bank of Vietnam, Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Justice respectively. 3 . 3 The Provincial People’s Committee is the authority responsible for all other foreign investments. Licensing applications shall be su bmitted to these bodies, who will consult with other relevant governmental authorities (where so required) before issuing final approval. . 4 The Prime Minister will approve the following investment projects (unless they are not included in the approved master plan): (a) The following investment projects, irrespective of the source of investment capital and scale of investment: – construction and commercial operation of airports; air transportation; – construction and commercial operation of national sea ports; – exploration, mining and processing of petroleum; exploration and mining of minerals; – radio and television broadcasting; – commercial operation of casinos; – production of cigarettes; – stablishment of university training establishments; and 27 – establishment of IZs, EPZs, HTZs and EZs. (b) The following investment projects, irrespective of the source of investment capital but with a total invested capital of VND 1,5 00 billion or more in the following sectors: – business in electricity, processing of minerals, metallurgy; – construction of railway, road and internal waterway infrastructure; and – production and business of alcohol, beer; (c) The following projects with foreign-invested capital in the following sectors: – commercial operation of sea transportation; – onstruction of networks for and supply of postal and delivery, telecommunications and internet services, construction of wave transmission networks; – printing and distributing newspapers and printed matter, publishing; and – establishment of independent scientific research establishments. 4. Forms of Investment and Enterprise Under the â€Å"Law on Investment† and the â€Å"Law on Enterprises† foreign investors may choose the following forms of investment in Viet Nam: Investment forms: – Invest in business development; – Establish economic organizations (1 00% capital of foreign investors or joint venture); Purchase shares or contribute capital to participate in management of investment activities; – Invest in contractual forms of BBC, BO, BTO, BT, PPP; and – M of enterprises. While foreign investors are allowed to buy shares in many domestic companies without limitation, there are ownership limitations for certain companies listed on the Vietnam stock exchange and financial sectors. Foreign ownership cannot exceed 49 percent of listed companies and 30 percent of listed companies in the financial sector. Forms of enterprises: – Limited liability company (with one member or more than one member);